CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS AFTER CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019

The data of the modern literature describing the long-term consequences of infection of the body with SARSCoV-2 on the cardiovascular system in the framework of postcovid syndrome are analyzed. To date, postcovid syndrome refers to a condition in which symptoms continue to persist for more than 12 weeks from the moment of diagnosis of COVID-19. Various complaints of patients after undergoing a new coronavirus infection are described, the distinguishing feature of which is their versatility, where cardiovascular manifestations are assigned one of the leading roles. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, cardiac arrhythmia and conduction disorders are considered. The role of SARS-CoV-2 in the formation of de novo and decompensation of pre-existing cardiovascular diseases has been demonstrated. The possibility of developing heart failure in patients with COVID-19 as an outcome of inflammation of the heart muscle is shown. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the incidence of myocarditis after 3 months or more from the diagnosis of COVID-19, as well as thrombotic complications, in the genesis of which the main role belongs to the formation of endothelial dysfunction resulting from the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with vascular endothelial cells. The autoimmune component of the pathogenesis of damage to the cardiovascular system as a result of the formation of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 is also considered. The authors present a laboratory-instrumental algorithm for determining cardiovascular complications in people who have undergone COVID-19, including the determination of the N-terminal fragment of the brain natriuretic peptide B-type prohormone, the level of anticardial antibodies, electrocardiography, echocardiography, as well as magnetic resonance imaging of the heart with contrast. All rights reserved © Eco-Vector, 2022.

Three Years of COVID-19 Pandemic—Is the Heart Skipping a Beat?

In the context of new therapeutic protocols and vaccines developed in the past 3 years, coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) continues to exert an important impact on the healthcare systems worldwide. Age and a history of cardiovascular or respiratory diseases remain relevant in terms of prognosis for all COVID-19 patients, independent of the viral strain, by conveying a worse outcome and increased rates of in-hospital mortality. Previous studies reported heterogenous cardiovascular manifestations in COVID-19 patients from acute myocarditis or myopericarditis, acute coronary syndromes, stress cardiomyopathy, de novo arrhythmias to pulmonary embolism, or in some rare cases, endocarditis. In this review, we assessed the potential acute, in-hospital and long-term cardiac complications in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of COVID is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

An Interpretation of Cardiovascular Complications in Covid-19 Patients and Post-Covid-19-Vaccination, a Perusal

COVID-19, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS CoV-2), has become a global burden. The naive era of infection prompted early dependence on case reports of insufficient data and conceptual elucidation to explain and anticipate the effect on cardiovascular diseases. Many COVID-19-infected and vaccinated individuals have reported an increased incidence of cardiovascular disorders, leading to higher morbidity and mortality rates. Sometimes COVID can also manifest as a severe coronary artery disease or myocarditis in those with no background in cardiovascular diseases or those with cardiovascular risk factors, which are often misunderstood as a primary cardiovascular disorder. COVID-induced cardiovascular complications like DVT, VTE, MI, and long COVID have been the crux of the matter. To combat the SARS-CoV-2 disease, several countries took the lead in developing COVID-19 vaccines, but only a few were effective against coronavirus, which created a ray of hope in curbing COVID-19 disease. As the thumb rule says, any substance that is foreign to the body, including vaccines, has flaws seen in the forms of adverse effects/adverse events, which has created a great reluctance towards accepting COVID vaccine in society. Despite all this, it is proven that vaccines are effective in managing the COVID-19 situation worldwide, underlining the Darwinian notion.Copyright © 2023 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.

COVID-19 Critical and Intensive Care Medicine Essentials

This book provides healthcare professionals in Critical Care setting an easy consultation guide to fight against COVID-19. The book is divided into sections: Fundamentals of COVID-19, Pneumological critical care, Neurological manifestations, Cardiovascular manifestations, Renal manifestations, Haemostasis and coagulation, Other multi-organs involvement, Principles of therapy. Each section includes: · brief pathophysiology of COVID-19 (ventilation, neurological, cardiovascular, etc.);· principles of management (enriched with flowcharts and figures);· principles of therapy;· tips and key messages. Readers can find the most updated advices on how to face the ongoing pandemic: from principles of conventional oxygen therapy, assisted and invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill COVID-19 patients to the complications sometimes underestimated. Tables and flowcharts provided are based on current knowledge in COVID-19 to help the clinician managing COVID-19 patients by a multiple-organs prospective. Written by international key opinion leaders of each field, the book represents a point of reference for all professionals involved in the management of COVID-19 pandemic. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Impact of congenital heart disease on outcomes among pediatric patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 infection is generally regarded as an acute self-limiting illness in children, but it can cause significant morbidity and mortality in both healthy and high-risk children. There are limited data on the outcomes of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and COVID-19. This study aimed to examine the risks of mortality, in-hospital cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular complications in this patient population. METHODS: We analyzed data from hospitalized pediatric patients from 2020 using the nationally representative National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Children hospitalized for COVID-19 were included, and weighted data were used to compare in-hospital mortality and morbidities between children with and without CHD. RESULTS: Out of 36,690 children admitted with a diagnosis of COVID-19 infection(ICD-10 code:U07.1 and B97.29) during calendar year 2020, 1240 (3.4%) had CHD. The risk of mortality in children with CHD was not significantly higher than those without CHD(1.2% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.50), with adjusted OR (aOR) of 1.7 (95% CI: 0.6-5.3). Tachyarrhythmias and heart block were more likely in CHD children with an aOR of 4.2 (95% CI: 1.8-9.9) and aOR of 5.0 (95% CI: 2.4-10.8), respectively. Similarly, respiratory failure [aOR = 2.0 (1.5-2.8)], respiratory failure requiring non-invasive mechanical ventilation [aOR = 2.7 (1.4-5.2)] and invasive mechanical ventilation [aOR = 2.6 (1.6-4.0)], and acute kidney injury [aOR = 3.4 (2.2-5.4)] were all significantly higher among patients with CHD. Median length of hospital stay in children with CHD was longer than those without CHD [5 days (IQR: 2-11) vs. 3 days (IQR: 2-5), p = < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: Children with CHD hospitalized with COVID-19 infection were at increased risk of serious cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular adverse clinical outcomes. They also had increased length of hospital stay and utilization of healthcare resources.

Cardiovascular Complications of Coronavirus Disease-2019.

Cardiovascular complications associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection are common and lead to high mortality in the acute phase and high morbidity in the chronic phase impacting an individual's quality of life and health outcomes. Patients afflicted with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection display an increased risk for myocarditis, dysrhythmia, pericarditis, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and thromboembolism. Although cardiovascular complications are reported across all patients with COVID-19, hospitalized patients with severe infection are most vulnerable. The underline pathobiology remains poorly defined albeit complex. Following current guidelines in decision-making for evaluation and management in addition to the beginning or returning exercise is recommended.

Cardiovascular complications are the primary drivers of mortality in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 community-acquired pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and associated comorbidities are at increased risk of cardiovascular complications. The magnitude of effect of cardiovascular complications and the role of prior comorbidities on clinical outcomes are not well defined. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the impact of cardiovascular complications on mortality in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 CAP? What is the impact of co-morbidities and other risk factors on the risk of developing cardiovascular complications and mortality in these patients? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This cohort study included 1,645 hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 CAP. Cardiovascular complications were evaluated. The clinical course during hospitalization was described using a multistate model with 4 states: hospitalized with no cardiovascular complications, hospitalized with cardiovascular complications, discharged alive, and dead. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the impact of prior comorbid conditions on transitions between these states. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS: Cardiovascular complications occurred in 18% of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 CAP. The mortality rate in this group was 45% versus 13% in patients without cardiovascular complications. Males (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03-1.68), older adults (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.03-1.75), patients with congestive heart failure (HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.18-2.15), coronary artery disease (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.00-1.79), atrial fibrillation (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.06-1.95), direct admissions to the ICU (HR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.36-2.32) and PaO2/FiO2 less than 200 (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.11-1.92) were more likely to develop cardiovascular complications after hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 CAP; however, these factors are not associated with increased risk of death after a cardiovascular complication.

Neck Swelling in a Critically Ill Patient With COVID-19-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Consider the Differential.

Neck swelling during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) usually heralds the development of potentially serious complications, including superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome, hematoma, and/or angioedema. In this case report, we describe a 43-year-old male patient who had received VV-ECMO support for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome. During his hospitalization, he developed acute onset of neck swelling after two weeks of VV-ECMO and two days after a tracheostomy. Clinical examination and investigations were performed to exclude ECMO-related SVC syndrome and tracheostomy-related complications. Consequently, it was discovered the patient had developed COVID-19-related subacute thyroiditis with enlargement of both thyroid glands. Conservative management, including the use of continued glucocorticoids, raising the head of the bed, and observing for complications of thyroiditis, was undertaken. Eventually, this patient's neck swelling resolved on its own, and he was eventually decannulated from ECMO several weeks later. Our case report highlights the differential diagnosis of neck swelling during VV-ECMO and considers the evaluation of different etiologies.

Redefining Clinical Skills in History Taking in Association With Epidemiological Assessment of Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases With a Special Emphasis on COVID-19.

Cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death in the world prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. A wide range of risk factors may precipitate a cardiovascular disease and therefore multiple aspects of the patient's history may lend a hand in the diagnosis of the specific stage of cardiovascular disease that is presented by the patient. This article will give a general review of the knowledge and skillsets needed by a clinician to distinguish and at the same time correlate the different presenting symptoms and the potential cardiac issue associated with them. History taking is a very essential and critical clinical skill that is of paramount assistance in diagnosing and treating the patient with the right management therapies to find a cure for the disease. Basic approaches in the evaluation of the physical condition and cardiac assessment are important skills in healthcare that help decrease mortality in everyday life and therefore are needed to be learned efficiently. Lifestyle changes and modern standard of living especially in a developing country like India contribute majorly to the evolution of this disease in the population as well as the eating habits and addictions which play a vital role in the progression of the disease. The aim of this article is also to give an outline of various risk factors and recent etiological agents by analyzing the epidemiological variation and patterns that can be ruled out or considered associated with the cardiovascular related-symptomatology and relevant history of the patient to confirm a diagnosis by investigations which will direct the clinician towards specific treatments and recovery of the patient. A special topic of understanding would be the COVID-19-associated cardiovascular complications which have been recently discovered and studied as a result of the pandemic.

A Scoping Review on COVID-19-Induced Cardiovascular Complications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a type of human coronavirus that resulted in the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Although it was generally categorized as a respiratory disease, its involvement in cardiovascular complications was identified from the onset. Elevated cardiac troponin levels (a myocardial injury marker) and echocardiograms, which showed the anomalous performance of the patients' hearts, were noted in the early case reports obtained from Wuhan, China. A couple of mechanisms have been proposed to explain COVID-19-induced cardiovascular complications, with systemic inflammation being the major focus recently. Chest pain and palpitations are among the prevalent symptoms in moderate to severe COVID-19-recovering patients. Cardiac damage potentially occurs due to multifactorial factors, which include cytokine-induced inflammation, direct cardiotoxicity, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), among others. The cardiovascular manifestations include cardiac arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, venous thromboembolism, and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Both the long- and short-term effects of these cardiovascular complications remain puzzling to researchers, as substantial evidence is yet to be gathered to reach a consensus on the severity of COVID-19 in the heart. The treatment considerations currently include antiarrhythmic management, ACEI or ARB use, anticoagulation, hemodynamic support, and immunosuppression. This review aimed to outline the pathogenesis of the various cardiac complications due to COVID-19 as well as the available treatment modalities of COVID-19 infection. Both the mechanisms and the treatments have been succinctly explained in a proper manner to ensure understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of COVID is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications in COVID-19: a cohort study in severe and critical patients

Objective: To characterize myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications and their predictors in severe and critical COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Methods: This was an observational cohort study of severe and critical COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Myocardial injury was defined as blood levels of cardiac troponin above the 99th percentile upper reference limit. Cardiovascular events considered were the composite of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, myocardial infarction, acute limb ischemia, mesenteric ischemia, heart failure and arrhythmia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression or Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine predictors of myocardial injury. Results: Of 567 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, 273 (48.1%) had myocardial injury. Of the 374 patients with critical COVID-19, 86.1% had myocardial injury, and also showed more organ dysfunction and higher 28-day mortality (56.6% versus 27.1%, p < 0.001). Advanced age, arterial hypertension and immune modulator use were predictors of myocardial injury. Cardiovascular complications occurred in 19.9% of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, with most events occurring in patients with myocardial injury (28.2% versus 12.2%, p < 0.001). The occurrence of an early cardiovascular event during intensive care unit stay was associated with higher 28-day mortality compared with late or no events (57.1% versus 34% versus 41.8%, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Myocardial injury and cardiovascular complications were commonly found in patients with severe and critical forms of COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, and both were associated with increased mortality in these patients. © 2023 Associacao de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB. All rights reserved.

A Mini-Review on Cardiovascular and Hematological Complications of COVID-19

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is named as the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection experience a wide range of symptoms and they are at the risk of various systemic complications. Besides the pulmonary complications, COVID-19 cases may develop cardiovascular and hematological complications. This study aimed to review the most important hematological and cardiovascular complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Method(s): The English databases, including Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched. The published papers were selected and reviewed based on the subject of this study. Result(s): The review of the literature showed that several cardiovascular complications related to COVID-19, including acute myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, acute heart failure, and venous thromboembolic events due to coagulation abnormalities, have been reported. COVID-19 associated hematological complications include elevated levels of hematological factors including C-reactive pro-tein, lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin, and ferritin. Furthermore, the levels of blood cells, including lymphocytes and thrombocytes, can be reduced. Conclusion(s): This study reviewed COVID-19-associated cardiovascular and hematopoietic complica-tions. In conclusion, the patients may experience a wide range of cardiovascular and hematological is-sues during the illness. These complications are often associated with the need for ICU support and care which imposes further costs to the healthcare system. So the healthcare team must consider the possible complications when treating COVID-19 patients to reduce the treatment costs and mortality of patients.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.

Analysis of lethal outcomes in COVID-19 convalescents in multidisciplinary hospital

Health status of COVID-19 convalescents poses a serious burden on the healthcare system due to frequent decompensation of existing diseases and high mortality after episode of infection. This requires an analysis of not only the causes of death, but also the time of occurrence of complications in order to implement preventive measures and potentially reduce mortality Aim. The aim of the study was to carry out a clinical and pathoanatomical analysis of fatal outcomes in convalescents of COVID-19 in a multidisciplinary hospital. Material and Methods. The medical documentation of 67 deceased patients with a documented history of COVID-19 was analyzed. Patients were divided into five groups based on the nosological principle. Results. The study showed that the absolute majority of fatal outcomes occurred within one to two months (chi2 = 15.53;p = 0.001;df = 1);after that, the mortality rate gradually decreased over time. The rate of patients who died from acute and chronic decompensated cardiac diseases was 63%, which may be attributed to the specifics of the hospital. The number of neglected oncological diseases was 21% in our sample, which also should be considered a negative impact of the pandemic. In our study, the neglected oncological diseases were observed in 45% of patients, which was probably due to the profile of the hospital. The incidence rate of pulmonary embolism and other thrombotic complications was significantly higher in women (chi2 = 30.73;p < 0.001;df = 1). While comparing the time between recovery from COVID-19 and onset of death, we found that thrombotic complications occurred more often either immediately or within one to two months after recovery from COVID-19;sometimes patients already had a formed lung infarction, but in these cases the interval was longer (four to six months), which suggested the beginning of thrombosis during the acute stage of disease. Conclusion. At the early stage, it is necessary to analyze basic information about the epidemiology of post-COVID-19 syndrome taking into account patient age and comorbidities. Given the high frequency of deaths, most often associated with thrombotic events or disorders of the cardiovascular system, it is necessary to plan clinical and laboratory tests, appropriate registries and clinical trials in order to properly assess thee risks and prepare for the long-term consequences of COVID-19. © 2022 Tomsk State University. All rights reserved.

Respiratory viral infections and their role in human cardiovascular diseases

Acute respiratory viral infections are the most common human diseases. Symptoms of the infection vary from a slight cold to critical condition requiring artificial lung ventilation and support of cardiovascular system. Main risk factors of severe disease include high viral load, co-infection with other pathogens, age from 0 to 2 years and older than 65 years, and immunodeficiency. Cardiac manifestations of the infection are usually caused by indirect effects due to inflammatory reaction resulting in systemic increase in proinflammatory cytokines, so called cytokine storm. However, there have been reports on the identification of respiratory viruses isolated directly from the myocardial tissue, or testing of viral RNA in the myocardium using real-time polymerase chain reaction. This review discusses the direct and indirect effects of respiratory viral infections on causing cardiovascular complications. The authors discuss the similarities and differences of the immunopathogenic mechanisms associated with COVID-19, influenza infection, as well as diseases caused by enteroviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, metapneumoviruses, and parainfluenza viruses. © 2022 Tomsk State University. All rights reserved.

Adverse events following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: A systematic review of cardiovascular complication, thrombosis, and thrombocytopenia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Since publishing successful clinical trial results of mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in December 2020, multiple reports have arisen about cardiovascular complications following the mRNA vaccination. This study provides an in-depth account of various cardiovascular adverse events reported after the mRNA vaccines' first or second dose including pericarditis/myopericarditis, myocarditis, hypotension, hypertension, arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, stroke, myocardial infarction/STEMI, intracranial hemorrhage, thrombosis (deep vein thrombosis, cerebral venous thrombosis, arterial or venous thrombotic events, portal vein thrombosis, coronary thrombosis, microvascular small bowel thrombosis), and pulmonary embolism. METHODS: A systematic review of original studies reporting confirmed cardiovascular manifestations post-mRNA COVID-19 vaccination was performed. Following the PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases (PubMed, PMC NCBI, and Cochrane Library) were searched until January 2022. Baseline characteristics of patients and disease outcomes were extracted from relevant studies. RESULTS: A total of 81 articles analyzed confirmed cardiovascular complications post-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in 17,636 individuals and reported 284 deaths with any mRNA vaccine. Of 17,636 cardiovascular events with any mRNA vaccine, 17,192 were observed with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine, 444 events with mRNA-1273 (Moderna). Thrombosis was frequently reported with any mRNA vaccine (n = 13,936), followed by stroke (n = 758), myocarditis (n = 511), myocardial infarction (n = 377), pulmonary embolism (n = 301), and arrhythmia (n = 254). Stratifying the results by vaccine type showed that thrombosis (80.8%) was common in the BNT162b2 cohort, while stroke (39.9%) was common with mRNA-1273 for any dose. The time between the vaccination dosage and the first symptom onset averaged 5.6 and 4.8 days with the mRNA-1273 vaccine and BNT162b2, respectively. The mRNA-1273 cohort reported 56 deaths compared to the 228 with BNT162b2, while the rest were discharged or transferred to the ICU. CONCLUSION: Available literature includes more studies with the BNT162b2 vaccine than mRNA-1273. Future studies must report mortality and adverse cardiovascular events by vaccine types.

COVID-19 and its long-term impact on the cardiovascular system.

INTRODUCTION: TheSARS-CoV-2 virus caused a pandemic affecting healthcare deliveryglobally. Despite the presentation of COVID-19 infection beingfrequently dominated by respiratory symptoms; it is now notorious tohave potentially serious cardiovascular sequelae. This articleexplores current data to provide a comprehensive overview of thepathophysiology, cardiovascular risk factors, and implications ofCOVID-19. AREAS COVERED: Inherentstructure of SARS-CoV-2, and its interaction with both ACE-2 andnon-ACE-2 mediated pathways have been implicated in the developmentof cardiovascular manifestations, progressively resulting in acuterespiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure, cytokine releasesyndrome, and subsequent myocardial damage. The interplay betweenexisting and de novo cardiac complications must be noted. Forindividuals taking cardiovascular medications, pharmacologicinteractions are a crucial component. Short-term cardiovascularimpacts include arrhythmia, myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure,and thromboembolism, whereas long-term impacts include diabetes andhypertension. To identify suitable studies, a PubMed literaturesearch was performed including key words such as 'Covid 19,''Cardiovascular disease,' 'Long covid,' etc. EXPERT OPINION: Moresophisticated planning and effective management for cardiologyhealthcare provision is crucial, especially for accommodatingchallenges associated with Long-COVID. With the potential applicationof AI and automated data, there are many avenues and sequelae thatcan be approached for investigation.

Deemed the pandemic of the century, COVID-19 is an illness affecting multiple organ systems. Although the virus is best known for its lung-related complications, its adverse effects on the heart and blood vessels are now becoming more apparent. Rapidly mutating and evolving, its unique structure enables it to undergo interactions with various proteins in the body, resulting in complications of both the heart itself and blood vessels throughout the body. Numerous risk factors have been identified to facilitate these manifestations, including existing heart disease, medication usage, and age. Research has shown that certain drug interactions induce disturbances of the heart rhythm and function. In addition to this, they can also exacerbate preexisting heart-related complications, resulting in severe manifestations. The effects on the heart and blood vessels can be divided into acute and chronic complications. Acute complications include heart failure, rhythm disturbances, heart muscle weakness, and inflammation. In addition to this, chronic complications such as high blood pressure and the new onset of diabetes could also be a consequence. Further research is necessary to improve and enhance both our understanding of the virus and our ability to anticipate heart-related symptoms early on.

Main cardiac complications in patients with Post COVID-19 Syndrome

Background: cardiac complications due to SARS-CoV-2 virus have caused great affections in the adult population. Post infection complications include pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications, also known as "Post COVID-19 Syndrome”;these patients are approached by complementary examinations since they present a non-specific clinical picture. Aim: to determine the main cardiac complications in patients post COVID-19 infection. Methods: a bibliographic search of articles published in the Pubmed database was performed. Results: acute cardiac injury was one of the most prevalent;other notable symptoms were arrhythmias, heart failure and, to a lesser extent, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Patients who develop shock after coronavirus infection are the result of myocardial injury in addition to other risk factors such as a history of elevated cardiac biomarkers and stay in intensive care units due to the viral disease. Another clinical manifestation with high prevalence in these patients is dyspnea, a symptom that is closely related to an intolerance to physical exertion and fatigue evidenced in periods of time less than 12 months after infection. Conclusions: cardiac complications were arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation;manifesting mainly with fever and dyspnea, also the most vulnerable patients were those with different comorbidities. © Este es un artículo en acceso abierto.

Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 vaccines: A review of case-report and case-series studies.

BACKGROUND: There are multiple reviews on cardiovascular aspects of COVID-19 disease on cardiovascular system in different population but there is lack of evidence about cardiovascular adverse effects of COVID vaccines. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiac complications of COVID19 vaccines, based on vaccine type (mRNA, vector-based, and inactivated vaccines). METHODS: A systematic search was performed covering PubMed for English case-reports and case-series studies, and finally 100 studies were included. RESULTS: Myocarditis (with overall rate around 1.62%) was shown to be the most common post-COVID19 immunization cardiac event. More than 90% of post-COVID19 vaccination myocarditis occurred after receiving mRNA vaccines (Moderna & Pfizer-BioNTech), but the report of this event was less in the case of vector-based vaccinations and/or inactivated vaccines. Myocarditis was reported more commonly in men and following the second dose of the immunization. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) was reported after mRNA (more commonly) and vector-based vaccinations, with no case report after inactivated vaccines. When mRNA and vector-based vaccinations were used instead of inactivated vaccines, a greater frequency of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) and pulmonary emboli (PE) was reported. Myocardial infarction/cardiac arrest was recorded in those beyond the age of 75 years. CONCLUSION: The personal and public health benefits of COVID-19 vaccination much outweigh the minor cardiac risks. Reporting bias, regarding more available mRNA vaccines in developed countries, may conflict these results.

Main cardiac complications in patients with Post COVID-19 Syndrome

Background: cardiac complications due to SARS-CoV-2 virus have caused great affections in the adult population. Post infection complications include pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications, also known as "Post COVID-19 Syndrome”;these patients are approached by complementary examinations since they present a non-specific clinical picture. Aim: to determine the main cardiac complications in patients post COVID-19 infection. Methods: a bibliographic search of articles published in the Pubmed database was performed. Results: acute cardiac injury was one of the most prevalent;other notable symptoms were arrhythmias, heart failure and, to a lesser extent, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Patients who develop shock after coronavirus infection are the result of myocardial injury in addition to other risk factors such as a history of elevated cardiac biomarkers and stay in intensive care units due to the viral disease. Another clinical manifestation with high prevalence in these patients is dyspnea, a symptom that is closely related to an intolerance to physical exertion and fatigue evidenced in periods of time less than 12 months after infection. Conclusions: cardiac complications were arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation;manifesting mainly with fever and dyspnea, also the most vulnerable patients were those with different comorbidities. © Este es un artículo en acceso abierto.

Komplikácie COVID-19 u detí: PIMSTS/ MISC-C

The outbreak of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, appears to be the greatest medical challenge of the last decade. In adult patients, COVID-19 affects the lungs in particular, manifesting in the form of interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). According to available data, COVID-19 in children is less common and has a milder course, often in the form of asymptomatic carriage or with digestive problems only. It is very likely that the occurrence of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 in this age group is underestimated. Currently, it is estimated to range from 0.9 to 12 percent in the paediatric population. The latest data on new mutations of the virus suggest its new "peculiarities”. It has turned out that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is becoming more infectious, from the summer months there has been a growing incidence of the disease in children and, moreover, there are more and more cases when it causes damage to various organs, including the brain. Temporal association with the COVID-19 infection reveals new units: paediatric multisystem inflammatory system temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS / MIS-C / Kawa-COVID-19) – a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, similar to the Kawasaki disease or the Kawasaki shock syndrome, with sudden onset of cardiogenic and circulatory shock. Symptoms of Kawa-COVID-19 occur in paediatric patients approximately 2 – 4 weeks after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 and the most common complication occurring in 50% cases is myocarditis. Development of vasculitis may also lead to aneurysms and other cardiovascular complications. Much depends on the stage of the disease in which the child is admitted to the hospital, as well as on how fast the treatment is initiated. The objective of this article is to draw the attention of the expert public to the previously mentioned risks and to prevent potential cardiovascular complications © 2022, Lekarsky Obzor.All Rights Reserved.